A low-carbon economy is essential for addressing global environmental challenges and advancing sustainable development. As a national priority, the low-carbon strategy in China aims to improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and drive regional economic transformation. This study explores the spatial dynamics of low-carbon economic development, focusing on regional collaboration and resource optimization. By employing a relative entropy combined weighting method that integrates entropy and CRITIC approaches, the analysis reveals a spatial pattern of elevated levels in the east, stability in the central region, and lower levels in the west, emphasizing regional disparities. Geographic autocorrelation analysis reveals a pattern of positive spatial clustering, with economic scale, human capital, and government intervention serving as key drivers, while R&D investment is identified as a negative factor. These findings provide valuable insights for fostering high-quality, low-carbon economic growth and achieving balanced, sustainable regional development.