This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) influences resilience within corporate supply chains, analyzing data from A-share listed companies in China over the period 2012 to 2022. Through text analysis, we construct an indicator of AI application within firms and measure supply chain resilience across three dimensions: resistance capacity, recovery capacity, and creative capacity. The study finds that AI significantly enhances corporate supply chain resilience, with particularly notable effects in strengthening both resistance and creative capacities. Furthermore, the positive impact of AI is more pronounced in companies operating in poor supply chain environments and those with heightened perceptions of economic uncertainty. Mechanism analysis reveals that AI further enhances supply chain resilience by increasing technological innovation investment, reducing labor costs, lowering internal adjustment costs, and optimizing external sales costs. The findings highlight the importance of AI in improving the robustness and adaptability of supply chains in dynamic business environments, which offer insights for promoting AI adoption and strengthening corporate supply chain resilience.