This is an introductory chapter starting with the definition of a project, its various aspects of management, and life cycle of Cloud-based software projects. Then we will examine the CHAOS study on the success rates and causes of failures for software projects. We will examine the subtle differences between defects and errors in a software product. Three constraints for Cloud-based software project management and their trade-offs will be discussed, concluding with roles and responsibilities for Cloud software project planning management and execution.