Preparing industry in peacetime for tasks in war conditions is one of the most difficult challenges for the economy of each country. The history of the 20th century, especially the periods of both world wars, provides numerous examples of effective but also problematic attempts to switch civilian production to military production. The article examines key mechanisms of industrial mobilization, such as infrastructure adaptation, work reorganization and the development of military technologies. Case studies will be presented, including: from the USA, Germany and the USSR, which show how industry flexibility, cooperation between the government and the private sector, and technological innovation influenced the success of such transformations. Challenges such as lack of materials, infrastructure overload and social impacts will also be discussed. Finally, the article will present conclusions and recommendations regarding contemporary strategies for industrial mobilization in the face of potential armed conflicts.