Alumina (Al2O3) based ceramics have great potential in attaining outstanding mechanical properties due to the superior hardness of this kind of ceramics. With the setting of appropriate sintering modes and doping aids, the fracture toughness and flexural strength of alumina can be greatly improved. Therefore, alumina based ceramic material sintered in the proper mode can be considered promising for application in protective metal-ceramic macrocomposite layers. A model of a macrocomposite protective plate was considered in this work. The dynamics of a body moving through the plate were assessed. A change in the velocity of the body was calculated using the energy spent to fracture ceramic inserts as a part of the total energy dissipated by the protective macrocomposite plate. Based on the calculation data and results of mechanical tests and fracture surface analysis, it was revealed that flexural strength, hardness, and fracture toughness are crucial for attaining high energy dissipation values in ceramics. Revealing the optimum combination of these mechanical properties enabled us to develop an improved geometry of ceramic inserts forming a layer of the protective metal-ceramic macrocomposite. A concept of “nano + micro”-grained alumina based ceramics for improving the functionality of the state-of-the-art protective macrocomposite plates was also developed.