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This chapter explains the evolution of Bolivarian governments in Venezuela, from 1998 to the present, analyzing their impact on the use of lethal force. The context, political, institutional and economic instability, has significantly contributed to deaths resulting from law enforcement interventions in the country. The different phases of these governments—ranging from democratic electoral populism to authoritarian consolidation—have been marked by the expansion and diversification of the state’s repressive apparatus, with lethal force reaching unprecedented levels during periods of crisis, the highest in Venezuela’s democratic history. Currently, as a product and indicator of a negative pacification imposed regime, the incide of lethal force has declined relative to its peak, yet it remains alarming high.

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From the “pretty revolution” to State Terrorism: Four Phases of the Use of Lethal Force in Twenty-First-Century Venezuela

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Keymer Ávila

摘要

This chapter explains the evolution of Bolivarian governments in Venezuela, from 1998 to the present, analyzing their impact on the use of lethal force. The context, political, institutional and economic instability, has significantly contributed to deaths resulting from law enforcement interventions in the country. The different phases of these governments—ranging from democratic electoral populism to authoritarian consolidation—have been marked by the expansion and diversification of the state’s repressive apparatus, with lethal force reaching unprecedented levels during periods of crisis, the highest in Venezuela’s democratic history. Currently, as a product and indicator of a negative pacification imposed regime, the incide of lethal force has declined relative to its peak, yet it remains alarming high.