Effective Earth system governance requires innovative, integrated approaches that encompass local, national, and international dimensions to ensure sustainable human development and ecological stability. This chapter examines key achievements and promising developments toward a global “eco-social” contract, addressing environmental, social, economic, and geopolitical perspectives with ethics and justice as cross-cutting themes. It highlights the destructive impact of poorly governed economic systems that prioritize unsustainable production and consumption while neglecting human and planetary well-being. Recognizing the transnational nature of ecological challenges, the chapter underscores the necessity of improved global governance alongside robust national and subnational stewardship to safeguard ecosystems for current and future generations. It calls for rethinking global governance structures to address ecological and social challenges effectively. Acknowledging the intrinsic links between sustainability and peace, the chapter also explores ways to enhance an international culture of peace. By taking stock of achievements and identifying opportunities, the chapter offers proactive strategies for advancing environmental security, economic sustainability, and human resilience.