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Improper management of face mask (FM) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste could exacerbate environmental pollution and pose a threat to living organisms. The co-pyrolysis technique offers a promising solution for the conversion of EFB and FM to valuable biofuels under suitable reaction conditions. This study aims to investigate the influence of reaction temperature (400–700 °C) toward the yield and quality of bio-oil during co-pyrolysis of FM and EFB. The results showed that the optimum reaction temperature of 600 °C enhances the yield of bio-oil while inhibiting the yield of char and gas. The ideal reaction temperature at a mixing ratio of EFB and FM was achieved at 600 °C with bio-oil and hydrocarbon yields of 48.53 wt% and 61.25%, respectively. Liquid oil experiences a great reduction in oxygen content, from 43.45 wt% to 3.52 wt%. The oil had a substantial heating value of 45.34 MJ/kg, similar to that of commercially available diesel fuels. Co-pyrolysis oil with a high hydrocarbon content and high heating value could offer an alternative for fuel applications. The co-pyrolysis of EFB and FM offers innovative approaches to alleviate the problem of environmental pollution and the energy crisis via waste utilization.

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Optimizing Sustainable Bio-Oil Production Via Co-Pyrolysis of Disposable Face Masks and Empty Fruit Bunch: Influence of Reaction Temperature

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Nur Shafiqah Jamaluddin,
  • Hamizura Hassan,
  • Mohd Azmier Ahmad,
  • Nur Nasulhah Kasim,
  • Bassim H. Hameed,
  • Musa Mohamed Zahidi,
  • Sharifah Atasha Shaib Aliwi

摘要

Improper management of face mask (FM) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) waste could exacerbate environmental pollution and pose a threat to living organisms. The co-pyrolysis technique offers a promising solution for the conversion of EFB and FM to valuable biofuels under suitable reaction conditions. This study aims to investigate the influence of reaction temperature (400–700 °C) toward the yield and quality of bio-oil during co-pyrolysis of FM and EFB. The results showed that the optimum reaction temperature of 600 °C enhances the yield of bio-oil while inhibiting the yield of char and gas. The ideal reaction temperature at a mixing ratio of EFB and FM was achieved at 600 °C with bio-oil and hydrocarbon yields of 48.53 wt% and 61.25%, respectively. Liquid oil experiences a great reduction in oxygen content, from 43.45 wt% to 3.52 wt%. The oil had a substantial heating value of 45.34 MJ/kg, similar to that of commercially available diesel fuels. Co-pyrolysis oil with a high hydrocarbon content and high heating value could offer an alternative for fuel applications. The co-pyrolysis of EFB and FM offers innovative approaches to alleviate the problem of environmental pollution and the energy crisis via waste utilization.