This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of biodegradable synthetic and food-derived polymers as advanced nutraceutical delivery systems. Nutraceuticals such as vitamins, polyphenols, and probiotics are generally confronted with low solubility, poor bioavailability, and degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Biodegradable polymers Biodegradable polymersoffer new alternatives because they provide encapsulation, targeting, and controlled release of these bioactive compounds. Synthetic biopolymers such as PLA, PLGA, and PCL have been reported to have tunable degradation rates, mechanical strength, and compatibility with hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. They have sustained release and increased systemic circulation, but can be difficult regarding acidic byproducts of degradation and process complexity. Food-derived biopolymers such as starch, alginate, whey proteins, and chitosan are biocompatible, renewable, and generally recognized as safe (GRAS). These polymers are more enzyme-degradable, pH sensitive, and mucoadhesive (i.e., capable of adhering to mucosal membranes, enhancing residence time and absorption), and are best suited for colon targeting and food functionality. New formulation approaches such as micro- and nanoencapsulation, copolymer blending, and intelligent release systems are highlighted for maximizing delivery performance. Industry examples and case studies demonstrate the successful transfer of laboratory innovations into consumer products. Despite the regulatory, environmental, and scalability issues, bio-based nanotechnology, smart material integration, and customized delivery platforms are defining tomorrow’s nutraceuticals. The chapter emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary solutions to address the evolving health needs of health-conscious consumers and promote sustainable food and pharmaceutical innovation.