Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of exocrine glands, primarily affecting the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to symptoms of dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (xerophthalmia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca). It is a challenging autoimmune condition often leading to delayed or missed diagnosis. Misattributing the aforementioned hallmark features to aging or environmental factors contributes to underdiagnosis, particularly in primary care settings. This delay can result in progressive glandular damage, missed opportunities for early intervention and the development of several complications. Serologic testing may not help in the diagnosis, so a lip biopsy is always recommended in the appropriate clinical context, as seronegative patients may be overlooked. While glandular symptoms are the focus of Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic manifestations such as interstitial lung disease, vasculitis and neurological complications are often under-recognised. Complications such as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma have to be always in the treating clinician’s mind. Early detection, comprehensive evaluation of systemic involvement and a balance of symptomatic and immunosuppressive therapies can improve outcomes.

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Pitfalls in Sjögren’s Syndrome

  • Eleftherios Pelechas,
  • Panagiota Karagianni,
  • Evripidis Kaltsonoudis

摘要

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of exocrine glands, primarily affecting the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to symptoms of dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (xerophthalmia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca). It is a challenging autoimmune condition often leading to delayed or missed diagnosis. Misattributing the aforementioned hallmark features to aging or environmental factors contributes to underdiagnosis, particularly in primary care settings. This delay can result in progressive glandular damage, missed opportunities for early intervention and the development of several complications. Serologic testing may not help in the diagnosis, so a lip biopsy is always recommended in the appropriate clinical context, as seronegative patients may be overlooked. While glandular symptoms are the focus of Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic manifestations such as interstitial lung disease, vasculitis and neurological complications are often under-recognised. Complications such as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma have to be always in the treating clinician’s mind. Early detection, comprehensive evaluation of systemic involvement and a balance of symptomatic and immunosuppressive therapies can improve outcomes.