Many children are facing the challenge of being marginalized by mainstream education systems due to disabilities such as visual, auditory, intellectual developmental, or autism. They often have difficulty accessing educational resources that meet their special needs, which hinders their comprehensive development and integration into society. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought new solutions to such problems. In the field of education, adaptive learning systems, as an important branch of AI applications, are gradually showing great potential in special education. This article proposes an innovative AI adaptive learning system that deeply integrates deep learning (DL) algorithms. It can intelligently analyze students’ learning habits, interests, and ability status, and dynamically adjust teaching content, difficulty, and progress based on this, designing personalized learning plans for special needs children with different needs. Experimental results have shown that the system can accurately recommend the educational resources that students need, thereby significantly increasing their interest and participation in learning.