Mystics (In)action: Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad’s Political Organization and the Misrecognition of Mystics in Modern Islam
摘要
This chapter probes the social grounds and implications of discursive (mis)recognition of modern mystics with a case study of Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad (d. 1908 CE) in British Indian Punjab. The Aḥmadiyya draw on revelations, visions, and ecstatic pronouncements of the founder, who claimed “prophethood.” However, his claims and his followers are widely (in some sense, officially) labeled “heretical.” The chapter reviews Aḥmad’s basis for his claims to be a “prophet” and shows how they have been received in an Arabist, juridico-theological regime of modern Islam rather than an Illuminationist, mystical tradition of Persianate taṣawwuf (gnosis). Illuminationist convergence with Aḥmad is found to rest on an intermediate, cosmological realm that Islamologist Henry Corbin termed “mundus imaginalis,” in which visions are intimately tied to earthly action in this realm. The case of Aḥmad’s reception shows the far-reaching consequences of modern misrecognition of mystics outside of their constellation. The modern label of heresy has meant Aḥmadīs are “expelled” from the pale of Islam, thus impeding and redefining Aḥmadī action in the world, not to mention their overt persecution and violence.