Contamination of drinking water is one of the most serious concerns as it affects the lives of millions of people annually throughout the world. Both natural and anthropogenic activities are responsible for the increasing water pollution. Amongst all the contaminants, the heavy metal pollution in drinking water is the most critical. The toxicity level of these heavy metals depends on its chemical form, solubility and biological role. These hazardous metals in drinking water, which are referred to as poisoning, include As, Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, U, etc. Nevertheless, low Z elements such as F and Cl toxicity are also well known. Detection and accurate determination of these hazardous elements in water samples requires highly sensitive analytical techniques. X-ray fluorescence is the most versatile technique having reasonably good accuracy and precision for trace elemental analysis in water samples. Development of preconcentration methodologies using novel ligands, activated charcoal, nano-materials, metal organic framework (MOF), etc. have drastically improved the detection limits and sensitivity for trace analysis by XRF. The combination of total reflection-XRF, an advance variant of energy dispersive-XRF, with synchrotron radiation's (SR) excellent characteristics have made SR-TXRF, an ideal analytical tool especially for ultra-trace elemental analysis in drinking water.