This chapter addresses the main contributions of Alfred Adler and Otto Rühle to the mental health and difficulties in children and adolescents. Adler parted ways with Freud in part due to his interest in social applications of “depth psychology”. Adler envisioned mental health in children from an individual, family and social points of view. Individual in his approach means the indivisibility of the child from the family and social circumstances which surround him or her. Adler lived in a time of reforms and social improvements in Vienna after the end of World War I and contributed to create multiple child guidance centers and to underline the importance of poverty, social deprivation and marginalization as the root of many psychosocial problems. In the individual realm he emphasized the importance of developing a “social feeling” (connections with family and other people) and to find a purpose in life beyond one’s individual interests. Also, he focused much on the feelings of inferiority and resentment that plague many children’s emotional life.