Climate regulation is a key ecosystem service. Land cover and land use change (LCLUC), altering ecosystem functioning as well as processes, can influence temperature extremes by altering surface energy fluxes, soil moisture, and surface roughness. This study examines the impacts of LCLUC on ecosystem climate regulation services by exploring its effects on the temperature extremes in China from 1982 to 2013. This study first applied remote sensing-derived LCLU data to examine the LCLUC in China from 1982 to 2013. Then, integrating the LCLU data into the Community Earth System Model 2 (CESM2), we assess the effects of LCLUC on six temperature extreme indices: highest maximum temperature (TXx), lowest minimum temperature (TNn), warm nights (TX90p), cold nights (TN10p), warm spell duration (WSDI), and cold spell duration (CSDI). Our results reveal that LCLUC generally reduces TXx in western China while increasing it in eastern China, and similar regional patterns are observed for TNn and TN10p. Oppositely, LCLUC reduces WSDI and CSDI in eastern China, while increasing them in western China. LCLUC impacts on the TX90p are more uniform, with a general decrease in warm nights across the country. Although these effects are statistically insignificant in most areas, they reflect regional divergent climate responses to land surface dynamics. Analysis of additional climate variables during winter and summer suggests that albedo and evapotranspiration effects dominate in winter and summer, respectively. These findings offer important insights into the impact of LCLUC on ecosystem climate regulation services.