The earth’s terrestrial and aquatic systems provide several benefits for human well-being and survival. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Island Press, 2005) defines the benefits that are derived from these systems as Ecosystem services. Ecosystem services, which are categorised into provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services have contributed more than 50% of the world’s GDP. For example, vegetation provides a number of provisioning (forage production, food), regulatory (climate, temperature), supporting (primary production, nutrient cycling, biomass production) and cultural (educational, recreation) ecosystem services as well as biodiversity maintenance (Masenyama et al. in Gisci Remote Sens 59:1000–1025, 2022). However, as a result of climate change and anthropogenic impacts, about 60% of the world’s ecosystem services have been degraded. This significant reduction of services has serious consequences on food production, climate regulation and net primary production, among other services which directly affect human well-being.