This chapter examines Jürgen Habermas’s critique of Karl Marx, focusing on his most recent engagement in his 2019 history of philosophy. Habermas refines earlier criticisms by highlighting three core issues. First, he challenges Marx’s view of the state as alienation, arguing that Marx conflates social differentiation with estrangement and fails to see the emancipatory potential in the modern separation of state and civil society. Second, Habermas critiques Marx’s concept of Naturwüchsigkeit—the perception of capitalist dynamics as natural forces—claiming Marx overlooks the persistent non-transparency of complex societies, even post-capitalism. Third, he criticizes Marx’s labor-centric paradigm for not distinguishing between productive activity (poiesis) and political action (praxis). Habermas maintains that true emancipation requires more than mastering social processes; it demands communicative rationality and democratic participation. The chapter ultimately underscores the limitations of Marx’s framework and advocates for a dual-dimensional model that values both material production and discursive interaction in shaping social life.