The chapter provides an introductory overview of developments in the livestock sector since the beginning of the millennium. Consumption and production trends in the world regions—Brazil, China, the European Union, and the United States—are described, as well as patterns of international trade. Trends toward larger production units in terms of animals per holding and the organization of vertical coordination among specialized producers are addressed. Trends in stock size per unit are discussed for the European Union as a whole and for Germany as a particular example. The trends are discussed in the context of consumer preferences, economic competitive pressures, and societal concerns regarding limited natural resources, environmental protection, and animal welfare.