The goal of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive, holistic, big-picture overview of the numerous challenges that must be overcome to successfully transform intensive livestock and food production systems to become economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable and resilient, and achieve the goals of doughnut economics proposed by Professor Kate Raworth in 2017. Many conflicting views and actions exist between our current growth-dependent economic model and our deeply embedded human behaviors that benefit the privileged wealthy elite but are extremely detrimental to the environment and well-being of the rest of society. Transformative change and the fate of the world in the twenty-first century will be determined by the winners of multiple “tug-of-wars” that are occurring in our global economy, which includes the nexus of numerous interacting factors and tradeoffs that connect livestock and food production systems with the sustainable management of the Earth’s natural resources and ecosystems and the well-being of human societies. Integrating permaculture and agroecosystem frameworks with precision agriculture, regenerative agriculture, modern digital agriculture, and One Health can be a giant step forward in achieving more sustainable and resilient livestock and food production systems. The ultimate determinant of the future of livestock and food production, human societies, ecosystems, and the planet is whether we have the collective courage to change our addictive unsustainable behaviors and do the difficult work of avoiding further dependency on fossil fuels, uncontrolled economic growth, and exploitation of Earth’s ecosystems and resources so that we can live in a more safe, just, and equitable global society where people thrive rather than survive.