This chapter examines the development of general science from mid-twentieth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Then it segues to the big Nature/little Nature in medicine during the same period with a particular focus on the growing role of technology in the practice of medicine. This new partner in the practice of medicine has some upsides and downsides. The evolving role of philosophy of science during this period is also set out. Finally, Public Health policy and practice is examined as an example of Big Nature in medicine.