University dropout is a multifaceted phenomenon that affects students, educational institutions, and society. This study systematically analyzes the factors contributing to this phenomenon and their connection to educational quality through a multidisciplinary approach that includes educational, psychological, and sociological theories. Through a systematic mapping of recent literature, the main internal and external factors influencing dropout, as well as the strategies implemented to mitigate it, were identified. The results highlight factors such as lack of belonging, low academic performance, and economic difficulties, and propose retention strategies based on institutional strengthening and comprehensive support. This work aims to provide practical and sustainable solutions to reduce university dropout rates and improve educational quality.