Haemocompatible Dual-Functional Surfaces of Everolimus-Immobilised Polydopamine Scaffolds for Drug-Eluting Stent Development
摘要
Biodegradable drug-eluting stent (DES) is an effective cardiovascular device, used as an intervention to regulate drug release with the main purpose to prevent thrombosis/stent restenosis, while providing a temporary structure to support narrow blood vessel. Despite the efficacy of anti-proliferative everolimus drug in preventing stent restenosis/thrombosis, tissue healing, and regeneration could be delayed due to the suppression growth of endothelial lining vascular walls. To alleviate this limitation, DES surface should be modified to avert the risks, while accelerating endothelisation. Herein, a haemocompatible dual-functional surfaces of everolimus immobilised polydopamine (PDA) mediated poly (l-lactic acid)/poly (d-lactic acid) (PLLA/PDLA) scaffolds were fabricated with intent to support endothelial integration in the abluminal area (PP-PDA) while preventing cell growth in the luminal area (PP-PDA-EVE). The PDA was also used to provide strong covalent linkages between the everolimus and the PLLA/PDLA scaffolds. All surfaces were classified as non-haemolytic, exhibited less than 2% haemolytic index which is an essential rule for the blood-in-contact surfaces. The endothelial cells were extensively proliferated on the PP-PDA surfaces with the greatest 100% viability and intact monolayers through the formation of intercellular connection. These features are specifically beneficial to support DES implantation in the abluminal area. In contrast, the PP-PDA-0.1EVE surfaces were found with less than 70% cell viability and noticeable cell apoptosis for the prevention of restenosis/thrombosis in the luminal area. The specific biological properties of the dual-functional surfaces in this study are crucial for DES development to support both biological requirements in the luminal and abluminal lesions.