In this chapter, we focus on the sociology of “Giving Up on God” by the late great American sociologist Ronald F. Inglehart. Inglehart and his associates believed that deep-rooted cultural norms change slowly. Virtually all religions that became major world faiths emphasise pro-fertility norms—and they do so vigorously, instilling the belief that violators of these norms will burn in hell for all eternity. It was necessary to make these cultural sanctions severe because pro-fertility norms require repression of strong natural urges. “Thou shalt not commit adultery” goes against deep-rooted desires; requiring women to devote their lives to child-bearing and child-rearing entails major sacrifices; and defining homosexuality as sinful and unnatural imposes repression and self-hatred on gays and lesbians. These norms are no longer necessary for survival, but deep-rooted cultural norms resist change. Nevertheless, modernization brings high levels of existential security. People grow up taking survival for granted, making them more open to new norms. In our empirical analysis, we profoundly reject this perspective.