In this chapter I consider the fascial arrangement of the lower limb, the walls and boundaries of the femoral triangle (and its clinical surgical significance), the femoral artery and the anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction and the femoral canal (including the corona mortis and obstructed femoral hernia). We then discuss the quadriceps, adductor and flexor compartments of the thigh, the femoral and profunda femoris arteries, the femoral vein and the relevant lower limb vascular anastomoses (around the ASIS, the trochanteric and cruciate anastomoses). The muscle attachments and structure of the femur is examined along with its ossification and factors that contribute to avascular necrosis of the femoral head in fractured neck of femur. The surgical anatomy of an above-knee amputation is considered. The chapter is deliberately reinforced at various points to show the interconnection of the anatomy as one travels down the thigh, engages in an above knee amputation or moves from one compartment to another.