The predator-prey interaction is a useful framework to explain aspects of past human adaptations in the Puna of Argentina based on the use of wild camelids. This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of the archaeological record of two gorges in the Puna of Salta, Quebrada Cavi, and Quebrada Nacimiento, above 4200 m above sea level. Archaeofaunas from Cueva Nacimiento 2 show highly efficient hunting behavior with a predominant use of camelids over small fauna throughout the entire occupation sequence. Spatial analysis suggests that both gorges were occupied by hunters specialized in camelids, with high selectivity of high-altitude, prey-specific habitats, and available water bodies since the late Early Holocene. In Quebrada Nacimiento, a history of punctuated occupation is verified with abandonments probably coinciding with greater aridity. In Quebrada Cavi, an archaeological distribution with greater density and diversity of artifacts was observed. In both gorges, archaeological concentrations associated with lithic reduction activities, resource processing, and hunting architecture were identified. These gorges were attractive to hunters at least since the end of early Holocene. We suggest that habitat modification in both gorges led to ecological inheritance processes and that human populations persisted according to camelid presence in an environment of increasing regional aridity and spatial heterogeneity.