This chapter examines the relationship between domestic cattle and their predators in Europe, within the larger scenario of conservation and agricultural development, as well as the development trend of this relationship. Europe has a very large domestic cattle population and competes with North America in having the most effective anti-predator laws and well-managed agricultural systems. In Europe, similar to South America, there are few large carnivores that can kill cattle: the brown bear and the gray wolf being the only significant predators. Current evidence suggests that large carnivore populations are increasing across Europe due to effective and successful conservation measures and management, with significant implications for agricultural development. The main cattle predators, wolves and brown bears, and to a much lesser extent lynxes and wolverines have experienced significant population increases, with the greatest predation impacts occurring on sheep and, to a lesser extent, calves and goats. Current evidence suggests that adult domestic cattle, similar to wild Eurasian bison, are often immune to wolf and brown bear predation, but calves may be targeted. Consequently, intensive agricultural development manifested by increased cultivated areas, deforestation and reforestation, and increasing numbers and protection of cattle have been at odds with increasingly effective conservation measures and the resulting contacts with predators. Conflicts may emerge between cattle owners and conservation managers, which may have significant impacts on the future of agricultural and conservation policy.