Providers of oral health-care are faced with rapid changes in knowledge related to the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the oral and craniofacial health of the population. Advances in genomics, proteomics, microbiomics, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence and digital dentistry are changing the face of health care and dentistry is morphing because of this new knowledge and technologies. Personalized or individualized medicine allows more accurate and confirmatory diagnostics and better prediction of an individual’s risk for certain conditions or diseases, helping define optimal interventions and treatments. Tissue engineering, stem cell therapies, as well as designer protein and gene therapy are all becoming a reality and will help advance oral health care well beyond our current abilities and expectations. This text presents a brief synopsis of our current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for managing developmental defects of teeth and some craniofacial defects. This chapter provides a framework for our current understanding of the genetic and environmental etiologies associated with these conditions and directions for future diagnostics and therapies.