Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is undoubtedly the largest livelihood provider in India and contributes a large figure to the gross domestic product (GDP). Sustainability in agriculture is therefore important in terms of food security, rural employment, and environmentally sustainable technologies such as soil conservation, sustainable natural resource management, and biodiversity protection. Agricultural waste (AW) generally comprises of wastes like food processing waste (about 20% of maize is canned and 80% is waste), crop waste, animal waste, and toxic waste used in farming operations. Globally, around 998 Mt of AW is generated annually. Every year, in India, around 500 Mt of crop residue is produced; a major portion of it is used as fodder and fuel. Yet, an excess amount of 140 Mt is remained and about 92 Mt is burned annually. Paradoxically, generations failed to recycle or utilize this energy efficiently in agriculture sector. Population growth, food preferences, and economic wealth are variables that drive agricultural production, although agriculture does produce raw materials other than for food. The world population of 9 billion projected for 2050 will require food production to increase by 50–70%, with raw materials and waste increasing by the same percentages. There will be no significant changes in the amount of arable land; the increase in production will come about through agricultural intensification, the disparity between real and potential yield being known as the yield gap. Innovation in management techniques will focus on optimizing water use, both for irrigated and rain-fed crops. In addition, nutrient management will have to be intensified to fill the production gap. Sustainable management focuses on improving nutrient efficiency, but also includes waste management. Sustainable agriculture must introduce a circular economy model and reverse logistics for waste management, and in particular to the nutrient cycle.