The chapter focuses on the role of science in museum narratives across Central Asia and its significance for nation-building. It examines how geology, medicine and the legacy of the Islamic Golden Age are represented in regional museums. Geology sections, almost universally present, frame the land and its resources as foundations of economic development and national pride, while at the same time reproducing Soviet-era narratives of industrialisation and the conquest of nature. Museums of medicine highlight ethnopharmaceutical traditions and foreground the figure of Avicenna, presented as a source of scientific continuity and as a pillar of Uzbek and Tajik identity. Astronomy and the Ulugh Beg Observatory in Samarkand are likewise interpreted as symbols of intellectual heritage and cultural achievement. Through these narratives, museums integrate Soviet, Islamic and postcolonial legacies, deploying science and medicine to reinforce ideas of historical continuity and to shape contemporary national identities in the region.