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Global warming and the rapid melting of ice sheets have contributed to sea level rise (SLR), primarily driven by the greenhouse effect and the over-exploitation of natural resources. As a result, global mean sea level has beentrending consistently upward. Mean Sea Level (MSL) plays a crucial role in the production of marine navigation charts, the estimation of future sea levels, and the mitigation of natural disasters such as tsunamis and hurricanes.In addition, height-related surveys can be carried out with reference to a vertical datum (benchmark), which is commonly derived from MSL determined by tide gauges (TGs). This study aims to estimate MSL using various tidalanalysis approaches along the Malaysian coast. Data from 21 coastal TG stations, managed by the Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM), were obtained from the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC)and prepared for analysis. Harmonic analysis and linear filter coefficients (Demerliac and Doodson) with their respective mathematical formulations were applied to convert hourly observations into daily, monthly, and yearlyvalues. The consistency of the computed MSL values was evaluated using TOTIS, R scripts, and Microsoft Excel. Furthermore, the accuracy of the computed MSL was assessed through statistical comparison with TideObservation Records of Malaysia for 2016 and 2018. Results showed that the differences between predicted and observed MSL values published by JUPEM were within ±0.15 m, with a mean difference and root mean squareerror (RMSE) of 0.05 m. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for future SLR predictions and support practical applications in marine navigation, coastal management, and disaster risk reduction.

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Quantification of Mean Sea Level Using Various Tidal Analysis Approaches Along Malaysian Coastal Tide Gauges

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • T. W. Tan,
  • M. H. Hamden,
  • A. H. M. Din,
  • A. I. A. Hamid,
  • N. A. Zulkifli

摘要

Global warming and the rapid melting of ice sheets have contributed to sea level rise (SLR), primarily driven by the greenhouse effect and the over-exploitation of natural resources. As a result, global mean sea level has beentrending consistently upward. Mean Sea Level (MSL) plays a crucial role in the production of marine navigation charts, the estimation of future sea levels, and the mitigation of natural disasters such as tsunamis and hurricanes.In addition, height-related surveys can be carried out with reference to a vertical datum (benchmark), which is commonly derived from MSL determined by tide gauges (TGs). This study aims to estimate MSL using various tidalanalysis approaches along the Malaysian coast. Data from 21 coastal TG stations, managed by the Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM), were obtained from the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC)and prepared for analysis. Harmonic analysis and linear filter coefficients (Demerliac and Doodson) with their respective mathematical formulations were applied to convert hourly observations into daily, monthly, and yearlyvalues. The consistency of the computed MSL values was evaluated using TOTIS, R scripts, and Microsoft Excel. Furthermore, the accuracy of the computed MSL was assessed through statistical comparison with TideObservation Records of Malaysia for 2016 and 2018. Results showed that the differences between predicted and observed MSL values published by JUPEM were within ±0.15 m, with a mean difference and root mean squareerror (RMSE) of 0.05 m. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for future SLR predictions and support practical applications in marine navigation, coastal management, and disaster risk reduction.