This chapter explores the Europeanisation of public spheres from two distinct perspectives. On the one hand, it examines whether and to what extent European media regulation has contributed, or continues to contribute, to the Europeanisation of public spheres—a process framed as top-down. On the other hand, it investigates findings from the Eumeplat project on online communication, which provides a bottom-up perspective on how European public spheres address and engage with European issues. While these two perspectives stem from different sub-disciplinary approaches and cannot be directly linked methodologically, their results can be meaningfully compared and discussed together. As with the other contributions in this volume, our aim is to assess the current state of affairs in Europe, recognising the multiple dimensions at play. Any discussion of European public spheres must acknowledge Europe’s long-standing fragmentation and polarisation. The ideal of an ever-advancing democratisation process has largely faded. Today, political actors are increasingly divided over how to manage the rise of illiberal democracies and how to safeguard their own states from the growing influence of populism and polarisation, which have contributed to the emergence of right-wing governments across the continent. Despite these challenges, the European Union remains a powerful—albeit weakened—entity that continues to shape both the societies of its member states and their media systems through its legislative influence. At the same time, European politics must still be understood as a democratic process that cannot function properly without a vibrant and effective public sphere. This foundational assumption informs the analysis in the following chapter, which seeks to reflect on key factors influencing the Europeanisation of public spheres.