Plantation agriculture is one of the oldest activities for the survival of humankind, with origins in slavery and the colonization of America, Asia, and Africa, occupying large extensions of tropical forest lands that were deforested for the establishment of such crops. They currently face great challenges, such as socio-ecological systems, due to the impact of crop management practices, the burning of crop residues, a drop in productivity, a reduction in profitability, and the substitution of uses of target products for others, such as non-caloric sweeteners, plastics, flavorings, colorings, pharmaceuticals, and artificial fats. In short, environmental impacts include the generation of waste, which in most cases is a problem with few or no options for recovery and treatment other than confinement in landfills or incineration. However, these wastes are abundant, inexpensive, and have chemical components of great value if conventional and emerging technologies are applied for their conversion into bioproducts supported by technicians, researchers, and decision-makers. This chapter reviews the socioeconomic impacts of these wastes, core technologies for conversion, and the need to formulate public policies for their management and sustainable technical valuation.