The pollutants generated during subway operations enter the public environment through the wind pavilions, adversely affecting the environment. Therefore, this paper takes four typical subway stations in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, as examples. A laser dust detector is used to measure the concentration of particulate matter at the piston wind pavilions of the four stations. Particulate matter samples are collected for scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis. The characteristics of particulate matter and air quality in the subway wind pavilions and their surroundings are examined, and correlation analysis is conducted using the Pearson coefficient. The research findings reveal that the particulate matter in the subway is mostly spherical and angular, with Fe being the most abundant metal element, mainly in the form of oxide. The concentrations of Fe, Al, Ba, and Zn in the particulate matter are the highest. The air quality in the subway wind pavilions and their surroundings varies significantly across different seasons. The concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in the wind pavilions is higher in winter than in other seasons. The surroundings of the wind pavilions are moderately polluted, with PM10 being the main pollution source. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of each PM index in the four stations is greater than 0.8, indicating a high linear correlation between the pollutant concentration at the wind pavilions and the atmospheric pollution degree of the surroundings.