Underground engineering construction often encounters fractured structures such as faults and collapse columns, leading to sudden water inrush and collapse disasters. In order to study the evolution law of adverse geological conditions under the disturbance of underground engineering construction, a coupling model based on fluid mass conservation and pressure balance principles was established, incorporating Darcy equation, Forchheimer equation, and Navier-Stokes equation. Utilizing finite element numerical simulation, two scenarios were quantitatively analyzed: the evolution of permeability parameters in the seepage field near faults and when the tunnel is connected to the fault. The transitional mechanism of nonlinear flow states in the seepage field during water inrush disasters was elucidated, and a parameterized study on the degree of nonlinearity in the seepage field of fault zones was conducted. The research indicates the necessity of using a non-Darcy seepage model to calculate the water inrush problem in fault zones during tunnel construction disturbance. The fault zone serves as a hydraulic connection channel between aquifers and tunnels, with the inertial effect of high-speed water flow within the fault zone being the main cause of water surging towards the tunnel. These findings provide a theoretical basis for scientifically formulating preventive measures for tunnel engineering crossing water-rich fault zones.