The sediments that have accumulated over 40 million years by the Nile River are identified in the present chapter, specifically in the Fayoum Nile Delta and the Mediterranean Nile Delta. The Fayoum Nile Delta has a fan-shaped northwest and occurs in the northern Western Desert, west of the Fayoum province. It covers wide regions including Wadi El Natron, Sadat City, the Bahr Depression (northeast of the Bahariya Oases), and the southern part of the Qattara Depression. It comprises the Gehannam, Qaroun, Qasr El Sagha, Qatrani, El Khashab, and the Moghra formations. These rock units are mostly made up of clastics (sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and paleosol) with thin limestone beds enriched with vertebrate remains, e.g., whale skeletons, sea cows, fish bones, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, shark teeth, and ancestors of elephants. The ancestral Nile River deposited these rock units over 40 million years. The second delta is called the Mediterranean Nile Delta, occurring along the Mediterranean Sea coast in the central Egyptian coast. It is separated into two superimposed deltas, the Neogene Delta at the base and the Quaternary Delta at the top, due to the effect of the Messinian unconformity. The Neogene Delta comprises six rock units in ascending order: the Upper Oligocene Tineh Formation, the Lower Miocene Qantara Formation, the Middle Miocene Sedi Salem Formation, the Qawasim Formation, the Upper Miocene Rosetta, and the Abu Madi Formation. The Quaternary Nile Delta includes the Lower Pliocene Kafr El Sheikh, the Upper Pliocene Al Wastani, Pleistocene-Holocene Mit Ghamr, and the Holocene Bilqas formations.