This chapter provides the readers with the original definition of the Nile River that considered the father of the African rivers and the longest river in the world. The route of the Nile River in the Nile Basin countries in central Africa and its ancient branches on the Mediterranean coast have been described. The Nile River has resulted in the formation of two deltas along its history (Cretaceous-Holocene), the Fayoum Nile Delta and the Mediterranean Nile Delta. The Fayoum Nile Delta was formed at first (during the Middle Eocene, more than 40 M.y). It covers a wide area in the northwestern desert, including the Fayoum province, Sadat City, the Wadi Natrun, the El Bahr Depression northeast of the Baharyia Oases, and the south Qattara Depression. The Mediterranean Nile Delta was formed later (Miocene and Quaternary) and occurs on the Mediterranean coast and was initiated during the Lower Miocene up to the Holocene. Different types of deltas have been mentioned, such as wave-dominated delta, fluvial-dominated delta, tidal marine delta, tidal freshwater delta, abandoned delta, inland delta, Gilbert delta, truncated delta, blocked delta, and mega delta. The importance of deltas for humanity has also been mentioned.