This chapter provides an overview of the modern sorting and grading technologies used for horticultural produce, with a focus on the commercial use of machine vision and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the development of firmness grading methods for fruit. Prospects for future innovations are discussed, including advances in data processing algorithms and the deep imaging methods of MRI and X-ray technology. Barriers to adoption are considered and two case studies are presented illustrating the opportunities and problems encountered with commercialisation. The high value and perishable nature of the outputs of many horticultural production systems is such that post-harvest quality assessment and management can be pivotal to maximising returns and minimising waste. Indeed, the emergence of the global trade in horticultural produce is inextricably linked to innovations in sorting and grading. Accordingly, this chapter begins with a brief history of the evolution of these post-harvest technologies.