Soil pollution is a significant environmental problem that affects the quality of the terrestrial environment. Its incidence has increased due to industrial growth, intensive use of agrochemicals, uncontrolled urbanization, and poor management of solid and liquid waste. This contamination occurs when hazardous chemicals accumulate in the soil, altering their physical, chemical, and biological properties. There are various types of soil contamination, including chemical, biological, and physical contamination. Chemical contamination is the most common and includes heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides, hydrocarbons, and industrial solvents. Biological contamination involves the presence of pathogenic microorganisms from poorly treated organic waste. Physical contamination refers to the presence of nonbiodegradable materials, such as plastics, glass, and debris, which alter the structure and functionality of the soil. Contamination mechanisms vary depending on the source and type of contaminant. The main ones include leaching, which carries contaminants into deeper layers, direct infiltration from point sources (such as landfills or leaking tanks), and atmospheric deposition of airborne pollutants. These processes facilitate the dispersion and accumulation of harmful substances, affecting soil fertility and posing a risk to ecosystems and human health. Addressing this problem requires prevention policies, ongoing monitoring, and effective remediation technologies.