During the Napoleonic period, the Italian Peninsula underwent major changes, which contributed significantly to the creation of the Italian nation-state. First, the Napoleonic period created a new geo-political reality eliminating the ten Old Regime states and consolidating the peninsula into three new parts. Second, the epoca francese launched numerous reform programs which lay the foundations of a modern centralized state in the Italian peninsula. My chapter will explore the geo-political changes in the peninsula and various reforms in the northern Republic and Kingdom of Italy (1802–1814), including the central administration, military conscription, taxation, public education, and public health, and will analyze their consequences and legacy.