Donald Trump, who had never held public office before his 2016 presidential bid, spent his four years in office between 2017 and 2021 defying, bending, or breaking countless conventions. Several factors contributed to his highly unconventional governing style, including personalization, unpredictability, inexperience, volatility, internal infighting, and frequent staff turnover. Together, these factors led to unprecedented ambiguity in U.S. grand strategy. This strategy, though never fully articulated, was defined by two key elements: (1) the promise of yet another major reset in U.S. foreign policy and (2) a distinct zero-sum worldview, which shaped virtually every action and decision—toward both allies and adversaries—during the Trump years (2017–2021). Ultimately, the Trump years can be seen as a case study in the erosion of soft power. The United States experienced a severe decline in its attraction, across the West and especially in Germany. A significant portion of this decline can be directly attributed to Trump himself. Indeed, the role of personality in shaping U.S. soft power had never been more pronounced—or more damaging—than during this period. The chapter concludes that transatlantic relations reached their lowest point not only in the post-Cold War era but since World War II. From a soft power perspective, German-American relations between 2017 and 2021 were indeed frozen deep.

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Frozen Deep: Donald J. Trump

  • Hendrik W. Ohnesorge

摘要

Donald Trump, who had never held public office before his 2016 presidential bid, spent his four years in office between 2017 and 2021 defying, bending, or breaking countless conventions. Several factors contributed to his highly unconventional governing style, including personalization, unpredictability, inexperience, volatility, internal infighting, and frequent staff turnover. Together, these factors led to unprecedented ambiguity in U.S. grand strategy. This strategy, though never fully articulated, was defined by two key elements: (1) the promise of yet another major reset in U.S. foreign policy and (2) a distinct zero-sum worldview, which shaped virtually every action and decision—toward both allies and adversaries—during the Trump years (2017–2021). Ultimately, the Trump years can be seen as a case study in the erosion of soft power. The United States experienced a severe decline in its attraction, across the West and especially in Germany. A significant portion of this decline can be directly attributed to Trump himself. Indeed, the role of personality in shaping U.S. soft power had never been more pronounced—or more damaging—than during this period. The chapter concludes that transatlantic relations reached their lowest point not only in the post-Cold War era but since World War II. From a soft power perspective, German-American relations between 2017 and 2021 were indeed frozen deep.