This chapter describes eight examples, seven of them real and one fictive, of areas in which applied research should be given an important role as judge. Could and should “shyness” be treated with oxytocin in a nasal spray? Are primary care centers that are privately administered always more effective than those administered collectively? Shall a small airport in a big city be closed down? Why was anti-tobacco propaganda delayed? Why were Japanese factories allowed to pollute the water in Japan, resulting in serious illnesses? Why are both employers and employees afraid of psychosocial factors at work? Why are politicians not more interested in adverse health effects of low-frequency noise from wind turbines? How is it possible that the most important subject for us all, climate change, is actively neglected by large numbers of politicians?