Fungal Infections in Orthopedics
摘要
Fungal infections in orthopedics represent a minority of infections with potentially disastrous outcomes. Treatment typically involves the use of both surgical and medical modalities and is often conducted in conjunction with an infectious disease team. Infections from fungi can involve the joint, bone, as well as surrounding soft tissue, muscle, and connective tissue. The most common pathogenesis for these infections involves hematogenous spread secondary to fungemia (Bariteau et al., J Am Acad Orthop Surg 22:390–401, 2014). In such scenarios, it is not uncommon to find infection at more than one location (Henry et al., Infect Dis Clin North Am 31:353–368, 2017). While hematogenous spread is the most common source of infection, infection from intra-articular injection, arthrocentesis, joint arthroplasty, as well as penetrating trauma have been described (Gamaletsou et al., Clin Infect Dis 55:1338–1351, 2012). Patients are typically immunosuppressed and have a history of recent surgery, instrumentation, or central venous catheters (Slenker et al., Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73:89–93, 2012). However, fungal osteoarticular infection (FOAI) has been described in immunocompetent patients as well. The pathogenesis of these infections is tightly linked to host innate immune response and cascades associated with c-type lectin receptors, toll-like receptors, nod-like receptors, and others alike (Nace et al., J Am Acad Orthop Surg 27:e804–e18, 2019). These organisms are slow-growing and produce a robust biofilm, which makes treatment difficult. Additionally, the scarcity of these pathogens, along with the lengthy lead time for culture, can lead to delayed or missed diagnoses.