This Chapter is divided into four main Sections that set the experimental context of this Thesis. The discussion starts with an overview of the LHC accelerator, its design and operations in Sect. 2.1; this is followed by the description of the CMS experiment and its subdetectors in Sect. 2.2. Given the contents of this Thesis and my contributions, particular attention is given to detailing the trigger and data acquisition system in Sect. 2.3. The Chapter is closed by a discussion of the algorithms used for offline objects’ reconstruction and identification in Sect. 2.4. Located near Geneva, Switzerland, the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, or European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), represents a pioneering hub of scientific inquiry, characterized by its profound contributions to particle physics and fundamental research. Established in 1954, CERN has since become a pre-eminent institution in the exploration of the Universe’s fundamental constituents and the underlying principles governing their interactions. Beyond its scientific achievements, CERN has also upheld a profound commitment to peaceful collaboration and technological progress that benefits society as a whole, as stated in the Convention of its establishment: The Organization shall provide for collaboration among European States in nuclear research of a pure scientific and fundamental character, and in research essentially related thereto. The Organization shall have no concern with work for military requirements and the results of its experimental and theoretical work shall be published or otherwise made generally available. [] The cornerstone of CERN’s pursuits is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a monumental underground particle accelerator that spans an impressive \(26.7\,\textrm{km}\) in circumference. The LHC’s primary objective is to study high-energy particle collisions, enabling physicists to investigate the properties and behaviour of matter at the smallest scales. Designed to accelerate protons to nearly the speed of light and collide them at a centre-of-mass energy of \(14\,\text {TeV} \) (the design value has actually never been reached, and the maximum of \(13.6\,\text {TeV} \) was achieved in 2022), the LHC is the largest and most powerful particle accelerator ever built. The LHC can generate conditions akin to the early Universe, affording scientists the opportunity to probe the fundamental particles and forces that shape our cosmos, and it represents today the frontier of research in high-energy physics. At CERN, the pursuit of scientific discovery is driven by the physical infrastructure and the exceptional collaboration between a diverse global community of scientists, engineers, and researchers. This collaboration transcends borders, languages, and disciplines, forging a dynamic ecosystem for knowledge exchange and breakthroughs in our understanding of the Universe. Currently, CERN counts more than 10000 researchers from over 100 nationalities representing more than 500 universities and institutes. Within this context, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment stands as a testament to CERN’s commitment to precision and innovation. It is a general-purpose detector designed to study the Standard Model (SM), hunt for the Higgs boson (H), and possibly unveil Beyond the SM (BSM) processes; it is situated at one of the LHC’s collision points and employs a sophisticated array of detectors to capture and analyse particle interactions. These interactions are then studied to unravel the mysteries of particle physics, including searching for new particles, investigating their properties, and validating established theories.

The Compact Muon Solenoid at the Large Hadron Collider

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发表日期：

2025年

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Jona Motta

摘要

This Chapter is divided into four main Sections that set the experimental context of this Thesis. The discussion starts with an overview of the LHC accelerator, its design and operations in Sect. 2.1; this is followed by the description of the CMS experiment and its subdetectors in Sect. 2.2. Given the contents of this Thesis and my contributions, particular attention is given to detailing the trigger and data acquisition system in Sect. 2.3. The Chapter is closed by a discussion of the algorithms used for offline objects’ reconstruction and identification in Sect. 2.4. Located near Geneva, Switzerland, the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, or European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), represents a pioneering hub of scientific inquiry, characterized by its profound contributions to particle physics and fundamental research. Established in 1954, CERN has since become a pre-eminent institution in the exploration of the Universe’s fundamental constituents and the underlying principles governing their interactions. Beyond its scientific achievements, CERN has also upheld a profound commitment to peaceful collaboration and technological progress that benefits society as a whole, as stated in the Convention of its establishment: The Organization shall provide for collaboration among European States in nuclear research of a pure scientific and fundamental character, and in research essentially related thereto. The Organization shall have no concern with work for military requirements and the results of its experimental and theoretical work shall be published or otherwise made generally available. [] The cornerstone of CERN’s pursuits is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a monumental underground particle accelerator that spans an impressive \(26.7\,\textrm{km}\) in circumference. The LHC’s primary objective is to study high-energy particle collisions, enabling physicists to investigate the properties and behaviour of matter at the smallest scales. Designed to accelerate protons to nearly the speed of light and collide them at a centre-of-mass energy of \(14\,\text {TeV} \) (the design value has actually never been reached, and the maximum of \(13.6\,\text {TeV} \) was achieved in 2022), the LHC is the largest and most powerful particle accelerator ever built. The LHC can generate conditions akin to the early Universe, affording scientists the opportunity to probe the fundamental particles and forces that shape our cosmos, and it represents today the frontier of research in high-energy physics. At CERN, the pursuit of scientific discovery is driven by the physical infrastructure and the exceptional collaboration between a diverse global community of scientists, engineers, and researchers. This collaboration transcends borders, languages, and disciplines, forging a dynamic ecosystem for knowledge exchange and breakthroughs in our understanding of the Universe. Currently, CERN counts more than 10000 researchers from over 100 nationalities representing more than 500 universities and institutes. Within this context, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment stands as a testament to CERN’s commitment to precision and innovation. It is a general-purpose detector designed to study the Standard Model (SM), hunt for the Higgs boson (H), and possibly unveil Beyond the SM (BSM) processes; it is situated at one of the LHC’s collision points and employs a sophisticated array of detectors to capture and analyse particle interactions. These interactions are then studied to unravel the mysteries of particle physics, including searching for new particles, investigating their properties, and validating established theories.