The rapidly increasing prevalence of chronic diseases reduces population’s health, increases the demand for health and social care, and has macroeconomic consequences for consumption, capital accumulation, labor productivity, and labor supply. Health economic evidence supports healthcare decision-makers with evidence in finding an adequate response to these challenges by investigating the efficiency of healthcare interventions, studying their financing mechanisms, and advocating the efficient allocation of scarce resources. This chapter highlights the need for economic evidence to support the efforts to integrate care and provides an overview of methodological approaches as well as challenges and solutions in generating such evidence.