Agricultural, agro-industrial, and cellulose-based industrial wastes often remain underutilized, posing environmental challenges such as noxious odor emissions, extensive land occupation, and contamination of groundwater and surface water. These waste materials harbor the potential to serve as a sustainable and scientifically managed source of renewable energy. Over the past few decades, vermicomposting technology has emerged as an environmentally sound approach for efficiently harnessing agro-industrial processing waste, transforming it into value-added products conducive to land restoration efforts. The output of the vermicomposting process, known as vermicompost, possesses properties akin to humus, characterized by fine granulation and friability. Vermicompost can be effectively employed as a soil conditioner, reintroducing organic matter into agricultural soils. The vermicomposting process enhances the concentrations of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in the compost, concurrently mitigating the risk of phytotoxicity by reducing the levels of toxic elements within the compost. The efficacy of the vermicomposting process is contingent upon several variables, including the nature of the raw materials and various process parameters such as pH, temperature, moisture levels, aeration, the type of vermicomposting system employed, and the species of earthworms utilized. This chapter provides a succinct overview of vermicomposting process technology and presents the state of research in vermicomposting for the treatment of agro-industrial processing wastes.