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The first national water policy for Sudan was developed in 1913 to pave-the-way for the construction of Sennar Dam and the Gezira Scheme. The advent of the gravity irrigation in the Gezira Scheme was a huge step toward modernization. The water policies, strategies and plans were then formulated during the period 1952–1956. They were also revised following the Nile’s Water Agreement (1959) and in 2000 and 2007. Relevant legislation includes the Water Resources Act (1995) and Irrigation and Drainage Act (1990). However, the national Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) strategy and water efficiency plan are yet to be developed. Besides that, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) and other Climate Change documents also advocate for the modernization of irrigation. Recent modernization interventions include the introduction of center pivot systems and hydro-flume. The framework program of the Transitional Government (2019) puts renovation of the existing irrigation projects as one of its highest priorities. The recent water strategy (2021–2031) called for the modernization of irrigation. The Strategy is based on three transformative plans. The National Irrigation Transformation Plan (NITP) called for upgrading and modernizing 1.1 million ha of existing irrigation schemes, development of 400,000 ha of new irrigation schemes and improving water productivity with at least 50% more crop per drop. Some regional initiatives were also supportive. For instance, the Nile Decision Support System (Nile DSS) of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) will guide planning for basin future projects, e.g., expansion in irrigated agriculture coupled with enhanced water use efficiency. Thorough investigation in Sudan’s heritage in strategic planning in water resources management will provide momentum for the future policy making process. The potential for modernization of irrigation is high provided that political and economic stability is guaranteed, capacity is enhanced, and investment is encouraged.

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The Relation between Water Policies and Strategies and Modernization of the Irrigated Sector in Sudan

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Tarig El Gamri,
  • Adil M. Elkhidir

摘要

The first national water policy for Sudan was developed in 1913 to pave-the-way for the construction of Sennar Dam and the Gezira Scheme. The advent of the gravity irrigation in the Gezira Scheme was a huge step toward modernization. The water policies, strategies and plans were then formulated during the period 1952–1956. They were also revised following the Nile’s Water Agreement (1959) and in 2000 and 2007. Relevant legislation includes the Water Resources Act (1995) and Irrigation and Drainage Act (1990). However, the national Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) strategy and water efficiency plan are yet to be developed. Besides that, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) and other Climate Change documents also advocate for the modernization of irrigation. Recent modernization interventions include the introduction of center pivot systems and hydro-flume. The framework program of the Transitional Government (2019) puts renovation of the existing irrigation projects as one of its highest priorities. The recent water strategy (2021–2031) called for the modernization of irrigation. The Strategy is based on three transformative plans. The National Irrigation Transformation Plan (NITP) called for upgrading and modernizing 1.1 million ha of existing irrigation schemes, development of 400,000 ha of new irrigation schemes and improving water productivity with at least 50% more crop per drop. Some regional initiatives were also supportive. For instance, the Nile Decision Support System (Nile DSS) of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) will guide planning for basin future projects, e.g., expansion in irrigated agriculture coupled with enhanced water use efficiency. Thorough investigation in Sudan’s heritage in strategic planning in water resources management will provide momentum for the future policy making process. The potential for modernization of irrigation is high provided that political and economic stability is guaranteed, capacity is enhanced, and investment is encouraged.