This study investigates the damage phenomenon of aramid/DCPD composite constructions under high-velocity ballistic impacts using 7.62 × 39 mm steel-core and soft-core ammunition. The composite is composed of 80% Aramid and 20% DCPD, with a construction size of 100 × 100 × 10 mm. To assess its ballistic resistance, impact tests were conducted at a velocity of 720 m/s for both ammunition types. The bullets used in the experiments feature different core materials, with the steel-core bullet containing a hardened steel penetrator, whereas the soft-core bullet is lead-based. This study focuses on how the core composition influences penetration resistance and energy absorption behavior of the composite. Experimental observations reveal a significant difference in penetration behavior between the two bullets. The steel-core bullet fully penetrated the laminate, creating a rear damage diameter of 1.7 cm and a front damage diameter of 1.6 cm. In contrast, the lead-core bullet did not achieve complete penetration, producing a rear damage diameter of 3.3 cm and a front damage diameter of 2.7 cm. These results highlight the critical role of core material in determining impact resistance, with the steel-core projectile causing greater penetration due to its higher hardness and penetrative ability, whereas the lead-core bullet resulted in larger rear delamination due to its deformation upon impact. Understanding these behaviors is essential for designing enhanced ballistic protection systems using composite materials.