In the analysis of three-dimensional buildings, when torsional deformation is negligible, the structure can be idealized as a two-dimensional frame composed of multiple planar frames connected by rigid floors. Member deformation in this model includes bending, shear, and axial components. Since vertically propagating shear waves are primarily governed by the shear stiffness of structural members, the building can be further simplified as a one-dimensional stratified medium, enabling evaluation of shear wave propagation characteristics in the vertical direction. The gradual reduction in shear wave amplitude observed during propagation is attributed to the internal damping properties of structural materials, making it possible to estimate internal damping by analyzing amplitude changes of the shear waves. Accurate evaluation of internal damping is essential for understanding energy dissipation mechanisms during seismic events. It plays a critical role in predicting building performance, improving structural models, and informing retrofitting strategies for enhanced earthquake resilience. In previous studies, a method for estimating internal damping using the transfer functions of upward and downward propagating waves—derived from impulse responses generated by a virtual seismic source on the roof—was validated using both homogeneous and heterogeneous one-dimensional stratified models. In this study, we first utilize Ricker wavelets with varying central frequencies to investigate the influence of effective frequency ranges in the building response on damping evaluation. Then, damping functions are assessed using the wave interference method based on shake-table experiments with building models. Finally, the applicability of the method is tested using observational data from actual buildings.