In 2021 a grandstand in the Netherlands collapsed due to the load of a jumping crowd. Fans celebrating the victory of their football team amassed on the foremost grandstand and jumped coordinated following the rhythm given by the football players. The resulting quasi-static load of the jumping crowd was estimated to be 9 kN/m2. Grandstands in the Netherlands are designed for a quasi-static crowd load of 5 kN/m2, in accordance with national annex of Eurocode NEN-EN 1991-1-1. In the Eurocode a crowd load range of 5–7.5 kN/m2 is given, with the recommendation for 5 kN/m2. Dynamic loads from crowds can reach significantly higher loads according to literature. For example, with guideline ISO10137 a crowd load of 10.2 kN/m2 is obtained for a crowd of 50 people. Measurements done in various stadiums in the Netherlands determined crowd loads ranging from 3.8 to 8.5 kN/m2. The variation in load is mostly due to the crowd density, the measured jump factor varies between 1.8 and 2.5. These jump factors depend on the size of the crowd and attained coordination but are generally comparable to what can be found in literature. Crowds with a density of about 3 persons/m2 that jump coordinated can exceed the design loads specified in the Eurocode. Both crowd density and amount of coordination are often higher than considered in background documents on which the Dutch national annex of the Eurocode is based.

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Measurements and Review of Grandstand Loads

  • Wouter Meijers,
  • Maurice Hermens

摘要

In 2021 a grandstand in the Netherlands collapsed due to the load of a jumping crowd. Fans celebrating the victory of their football team amassed on the foremost grandstand and jumped coordinated following the rhythm given by the football players. The resulting quasi-static load of the jumping crowd was estimated to be 9 kN/m2. Grandstands in the Netherlands are designed for a quasi-static crowd load of 5 kN/m2, in accordance with national annex of Eurocode NEN-EN 1991-1-1. In the Eurocode a crowd load range of 5–7.5 kN/m2 is given, with the recommendation for 5 kN/m2. Dynamic loads from crowds can reach significantly higher loads according to literature. For example, with guideline ISO10137 a crowd load of 10.2 kN/m2 is obtained for a crowd of 50 people. Measurements done in various stadiums in the Netherlands determined crowd loads ranging from 3.8 to 8.5 kN/m2. The variation in load is mostly due to the crowd density, the measured jump factor varies between 1.8 and 2.5. These jump factors depend on the size of the crowd and attained coordination but are generally comparable to what can be found in literature. Crowds with a density of about 3 persons/m2 that jump coordinated can exceed the design loads specified in the Eurocode. Both crowd density and amount of coordination are often higher than considered in background documents on which the Dutch national annex of the Eurocode is based.