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The human apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is polymorphic, encoding different apoE isoforms, namely, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, affecting their affinity to lipoproteins and receptor binding for downstream cell signaling. ApoE is a ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and a protein chaperone for transporting very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the blood. ApoE isoforms influence the physiopathology of disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, early childhood diarrhea, Alzheimer’s disease, and a wide range of viral infections. ApoE4 increases susceptibility to infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 and HIV. Conversely, it is generally recognized to protect against hepatitis C and B viruses. ApoE4 is also associated with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This chapter updates and summarizes existing data on the relationship between apoE, infection mechanisms, and clinical outcomes in viral liver diseases.

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ApoE and Liver Diseases

  • 工具书词条

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • José Carlos R. Nascimento,
  • Larissa F. F. Castro,
  • Reinaldo Oriá,
  • Pierluigi Toniutto

摘要

The human apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is polymorphic, encoding different apoE isoforms, namely, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, affecting their affinity to lipoproteins and receptor binding for downstream cell signaling. ApoE is a ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and a protein chaperone for transporting very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the blood. ApoE isoforms influence the physiopathology of disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, early childhood diarrhea, Alzheimer’s disease, and a wide range of viral infections. ApoE4 increases susceptibility to infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 and HIV. Conversely, it is generally recognized to protect against hepatitis C and B viruses. ApoE4 is also associated with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This chapter updates and summarizes existing data on the relationship between apoE, infection mechanisms, and clinical outcomes in viral liver diseases.